Syllabus

Introduction to Accounting

Accounting: Meaning, Objectives, Types of Accounting Information, Advantages and Limitations, Users of Accounting Information and their needs.

Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information: Reliability, Relevance, Understandability and Comparability.

Basic Accounting Terms: Business Transaction, Capital, Drawing, Liability, Asset, Revenue, Expenditure, Expense, Income, Losses and Gains, Purchases, Sales, Stock, Debtors, Receivables, Creditors, Payables.

Theory Base of Accounting

Basic Assumptions: Accounting Entity, Money Measurement: Going Concern, Accounting Period.

Basic Principles: Duality, Verifiability and Objectivity of Evidence, Historical Cost, Revenue Recognition, Matching, Full Disclosure.

Modifying Principles: Materiality, Consistency, Prudence, Timeliness, Substance over Form, Variations in accounting practices.

Accounting Standards: Meaning, nature and need, Accounting Standards and IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) concept and objectives.

Generation of Vouchers and Recording of Transactions

Origin of Transactions - Source Documents and Vouchers, Preparation of Vouchers

Accounting Equation - Meaning and Analysis of transactions using Accounting Equation.

Rules of Debit and Credit: For Assets, for Liabilities, for Capital, for Revenue, and for Expense.

Double Entry Book Keeping, Books of Original Entry, Meaning, Format and Recording of entries; Journal, Special Purpose Books: Meaning, Utility, Format and Recording therein:

• Cash Book - Simple Cashbook with Bank column and Petty cashbook.
• Purchase Book, Sales Book, Purchase Returns Book, Sales Returns Book, Bills Receivable Book and Bills Payable Book.
• Ledger - Meaning, Utility, Format, Posting from Journal, Cashbook and other Special Purpose Books, Balancing of accounts.
• Bank Reconciliation Statement: Meaning, Need and Preparation with amended cash book.

Trial Balance and Rectification of Errors

Trial Balance: Meaning, Objectives and Preparation.

Errors: Types of Errors, Errors affecting Trial Balance and Errors not affecting Trial Balance.

Detection and Rectification of Errors, effect on profit and loss A/c.

Suspense Account - Meaning, Utility, Preparation and Treatment of Suspense Account Balance.

Depreciation, Provisions and Reserves

Depreciation: Meaning and Need for charging depreciation, Factors affecting depreciation, Methods of depreciation - Straight Line method, Written Down Value Method (excluding change in method), Method of recording depreciation: By charging to asset account, By creating provision for depreciation/accumulated depreciation account. Asset Disposal Account.

Provisions and Reserves: Meaning and Importance, Need for provision for doubtful debts, provision for discount on debtors, Difference between provisions and Reserves.

Types of Reserves: Revenue Reserve, Capital Reserve, General Reserve and Specific Reserve.

Bills of Exchange

Bills of Exchange and Promissory Note: Definition, Features, Parties, Specimen, Distinction.

Important Terms: Term of Bill and Days of Grace, Date of Maturity, Bill at Sight, Negotiation, Endorsement, Discounting of bill, Dishonour of bill, Noting of bill, Insolvency of Acceptor, Retirement and Renewal of a bill.

Accounting Treatment of bill transactions.

Financial Statements

Financial Statements: Meaning and Users.

Profit and Loss Account: Gross profit, Operating profit and Net profit.

Balance Sheet: Need, Grouping, Marshalling of Assets and Liabilities.

Adjustments in preparation off financial statements with respect to closing stock, outstanding expenses, prepaid expenses, accrued income, income received in advance, depreciation, bad debts, provision for bad debts, provision for discount on debtors, managers’ commission,. abnormal loss, goods sent for approval and in transit.

Preparation of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet of sole proprietorship concerns.

Financial Statement of Not-for-Profit Organization

Not for profit organization: Meaning and examples.

Receipts and Payments account, Income and Expenditure account: Meaning and Concept of Fund based accounting.

Preparation of Income and Expenditure account and Balance Sheet from Receipts and Payments Account with additional information.

Computers in Accounting

Introduction to Computers: Meaning, Capabilities and Components of Computer System.

Database concepts for Accounting.

Retrieval of accounting information-basic queries.

Accounting for Partnership

Nature of Partnership Firm: Partnership Deed -Meaning, Impact.

Special Aspects of Final Accounts of Partnership: Fixed v/s Fluctuating Capital, Division of Profit among partners, Past adjustments and Guarantee of Profits, Accounting for joint life policy.

Reconstitution of Partnership

Change in Profit Sharing Ratio among the existing partners -Sacrificing Ratio and Gaining Ratio.

Accounting for Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities and Distribution of Reserves and Accumulated Profits. Goodwill: Nature, Factors affecting and Methods of valuation: average profit, super profit, capitalization, accounting treatment of goodwill.

Admission of a Partner: Effect of Admission of Partner, Change in Profit Sharing Ratio -Sacrificing Ratio, Accounting Treatment of Goodwill. Accounting Treatment for Re- valuation of Assets and Liabilities. Accounting Treatment of Reserves and Accumulated Profits, Adjustment of Capital Accounts.

Retirement/Death of a Partner: Change in Profit Sharing Ratio -Gaining Ratio, Accounting Treatment of Goodwill. Accounting Treatment for the Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities. Adjustment of Accumulated Profits and Reserves, Adjustment of Joint Life Policy and Capital Accounts.

Dissolution of Partnership Firm

Meaning, Settlement of Accounts: Preparation of Realization account and related accounts (excluding piecemeal distribution, sale to a company and insolvency of a partner).

Accounting for Share Capital

Share and Share Capital: Meaning, Nature and Types.

Accounting for Share Capital: Issue and Allotment of Shares. Private Placement of shares: Meaning of employee stock option plan and Public Subscription of share capital. Over subscription and Under subscription, Issue at par, premium and at discount, Calls in advance, Calls in arrears, Interest on Calls in advance and arrears and Issue of Shares for consideration other than cash.

Forfeiture of Shares: Accounting Treatment, Re-Issue of Forfeited Shares.

Disclosure of Share Capital in company’s balance sheet.

Accounting for Debentures

Issue of Debentures: Meaning of Debentures. Types of Debentures, Trust Deed concept, Issue of Debentures at par and at a premium, Issue of Debentures for consideration other than cash. Debentures as a collateral security.

Redemption of Debentures: Meaning, Sources of funds for redemption of debentures: from the proceeds of fresh issue of share capital and debentures, Out of accumulated profits and Sinking Fund.

Methods of redemption of debentures: In lump-sum at the end of stipulated period, By draw of lots, By purchasing in the open market, By conversion into new debentures or shares.

Analysis of Financial Statement

Financial Statements of a Company: Balance Sheet of a Company in the prescribed form with major headings only (Schedule VI).

Financial Analysis: Meaning, Significance and Purpose, Limitations.

Tools for Financial Analysis: Comparative Statements, Common Size Statements.

Accounting Ratios: Meaning and Objectives. Types of Ratios: Liquidity Ratios: Current Ratio, Liquid Ratio. Solvency Ratio: Debt to equity, Total Assets to Debt, Proprietary Ratio. Activity Ratio: Inventory Turnover, Debtors Turnover, Working Capital Turnover, Profitability Ratio: Gross Profit, Operating Ratio.

Cash flow Statement

Meaning and Objectives, Preparation, Adjustments related to depreciation, dividend and tax, sale and purchase of non-current assets (as per revised standard issued by ICAI).

COMPUTERISED ACCOUNTING

Data base Design for Accounting.

Entity Relationship model.

Relational data model.

Structured Query Language (SQL) - basic queries.

Overview of Computerized Accounting System

Fundamentals of Computerized Accounting System.

Concept of Grouping of Accounts

Codification of Accounts, Maintaining the hierarchy of ledger.

Concept of electronic spreadsheet, Features offered by electronic spreadsheet.

Application in generating Accounting Information - Bank reconciliation statement, asset accounting, loan repayment of loan schedule, ratio analysis.

Data representation- Graphs, Charts and Diagrams.

Database Management System (DBMS)

Concept and Features of DBMS, DBMS in Business Application.

Generating Accounting Information - Payroll.

Area and production of various agricultural products and current status. Irrigation and drainage, weed management. Soil as a growth medium: Essential elements, organic manures, chemical fertilizers and bio-fertilizers. Organic manure, common fertilizers including straight, complex, fertilizer mixtures and biofertilizers, integrated nutrient management system. Livestock farming, Role of livestock and poultry in agriculture. Breeds of dairy animals and poultry. Commercial dairy farming and poultry production. Dairy animal and poultry diseases: foot and mouth, H.S., mastitis, black quarter, rani kheit and bird flu. Importance of meat and egg in human foods. Economic losses to plant & produce due to disorders, diseases, weeds and insect pests of plants, chemical management, biological management, seed certification and quarantine.

Diversity & Structural Organisation

What is living? Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domains of life; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy - Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens.

Five kingdom classification: Salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids, Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms; Angiosperms- classification up to class, characteristic features and examples, Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level.

Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants: Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and recemose, flower, fruit and see, Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach).

Cell Structure and Function: Cell theory and cell as the basic Unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles-structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus. Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action;

Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

Plant Physiology

Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell transport-Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant – water relations – Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water – Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; Transpiration-Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients- Transport of food, phloem transport, Mass flow hypothesis; Diffusion of gases.

Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.

Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.

Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration- glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations- Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolicpathways; Respiratory quotient.

Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth;Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators-auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism.

Human Physiology

Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Caloric value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders – PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.

Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals; Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans- Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.

Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system-structure and fuction; Urine formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin- angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.

Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, fiagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions; Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.

Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans- central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sense organs; Elementary structure and function of eye and ear.

Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action; Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmicgoiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease).

Reproduction, Genetics and Evolution

Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination- types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen- Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.

Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of test is and ovary; Gametogenesis- spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation; Parturition; Lactation.

Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT.

Genetics and Evolution: Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism- Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing.

Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence; Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution-Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

Biology, Biotechnology and Human Welfare

Health and Disease: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.

Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification; Apiculture and Animal husbandry.

Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

Biotechnology and Its Applications: Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).

Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.

Ecology and environment

Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions- mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services-Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release.

Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries.

Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warning; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.

Nature and significance of Management: Types of management, Administration, Functions, Principles of Management;

Functions of Management: Planning, Organizing, Staffing- Selection, Recruitment, Training and Development, Controlling, Directing, Motivating - Theories and Types;

Business Environment: Social, Economic, Cultural and legal environment, Economic Environment in India;

Authority and responsibility: Delegation, Centralization and Decentralization;

Leadership: Theories and style of leadership;

Communication: Introduction and Types, Barrier in communication;

Financial Management: Sources of funds, Capital Structure, Financial Markets;

Marketing Management: Types of goods, Purchase behaviour, marketing communication, advertising, 4 P’s of marketing.

Consumer Protection: Ways and means, Importance for business, Consumer Protection Act.

Evolution of Networking and Data Communication terminologies: ARPANET, Internet, Interspace; Different ways of sending data across the network with reference to switching techniques (Circuit and Packet Switching); Concept of Channel, Baud, Bandwidth (Hz, KHz, MHz) and Data transfer rate (bps, kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps);

Transmission Media and Network devices: Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, infrared, radio link, microwave link and satellite link, Modem, RJ45 connector, Ethernet Card, Hub, Switch, Gateway, wifi card

Network Topologies: Bus, Star, Tree, PAN, LAN, WAN, MAN; Wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi and WiMax

Network Protocols: TCP/IP, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), PPP, SMTP, POP3 Remote Login (Telnet), Internet, Wireless/Mobile Communication protocol, GSM, CDMA, GPRS, WLL, 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G, Electronic Mail protocols such as SMTP, POP3, Chat, Video Conferencing VOIP,

Network Security Concepts : Threats and prevention from Viruses, Worms, Trojan horse, Spam, Cyber Law, Protection using Firewall, Use of Cookies, India IT Act, Cyber Law, Cyber Crimes, IPR issues, hacking

Web terminology: Introduction to Web Services: WWW, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML), Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Domain Names: URL, Website, Web Browser, Web Servers, Web Hosting, Web Scripting - Client Side (VB Script, JavaScript, PHP) and Server side (ASP, JSP, PHP), Web 2.0 (for social networking)

Object Oriented Concepts: Concept of Object Oriented Programming - Data hiding, Data encapsulation, Class and Object, Abstract class and Concrete class, Polymorphism (Implementation of polymorphism using Function overloading as an example in C++); Inheritance, Advantages of Object Oriented Programming over earlier programming methodologies,

Implementation of Object Oriented Programming concepts in C++: Definition of a class, Members of a class - Data Members and Member Functions (methods), Using Private and Public visibility modes, default visibility mode (private); Member function definition: inside class definition and outside class definition using scope resolution operator (::); Declaration of objects as instances of a class; accessing members from object(s), Array of type class, Objects as function arguments - pass by value and pass by reference

Constructor and Destructor: Constructor: Special Characteristics, Declaration and Definition of a constructor, Default Constructor, Overloaded Constructors, Copy Constructor, Constructor with default arguments; Destructor: Special Characteristics, Declaration and definition of destructor.

Inheritance: Inheritance (Extending Classes): Concept of Inheritance, Base Class, Derived Class, Defining derived classes, protected visibility mode; Single level inheritance, Multilevel inheritance and Multiple inheritance, Privately derived, Publicly derived and Protectedly derived class, accessibility of members from objects and within derived class(es)

Data File Handling and Pointers: Need for a data file, Types of data files – Text file and Binary file; Basic file operations on text file: Creating/Writing text into file, Reading and Manipulation of text from an already existing text File (accessing sequentially); Binary File: Creation of file, Writing data into file, Searching for required data from file, Appending data to a file, Insertion of data in sorted file, Deletion of data from file, Modification of data in a file; Implementation of above mentioned data file handling in C++; Components of C++ to be used with file handling: Header file: fstream.h; ifstream, ofstream, fstream classes; Opening a text file in in, out, and app modes; Using cascading operators for writing text to the file and reading text from the file; open(), get(), put(), getline() and close() functions; Detecting end-of-file (with or without using eof() function); Opening a binary file using in, out, and app modes; open(), read(), write() and close() functions; Detecting end-of-file (with or without using eof() function); tellg(), tellp(), seekg(), seekp() functions

Declaration and Initialization of Pointers; Dynamic memory allocation/deallocation operators: new, delete; Pointers and Arrays: Array of Pointers, Pointer to an array (1 dimensional array), Function returning a pointer, Reference variables and use of alias; Function call by reference. Pointer to structures: Deference operator: *, ->, self-referential structures

Introduction to Data Structures and One Dimensional Arrays: Arrays, Stacks, Queues, Primitive and non-primitive data structures, linear and non-linear data structures, static and dynamic data structures, Sequential allocation in One Dimensional Arrays and address calculation, traversal, searching (Linear, Binary Search), Insertion of an element in an array, deletion of an element from an array, Sorting (Insertion, Selection, Bubble)

Two Dimensional Arrays: Sequential allocation in two dimensional array, Traversal, Finding sum/difference of two NxM arrays containing numeric values, Interchanging Row and Column elements in a two dimensional array;

Stack: Introduction to Stack, Operations on Stack (PUSH and POP) and its Implementation in C++, Converting expressions from INFIX to POSTFIX notation and evaluation of Postfix expression;

Queue: Operations on Queue (Insert and Delete) and its Implementation in C++, circular queue using array

Database Concepts: Introduction to Database Concepts and its need, Relational data model: Concept of domain, tuple, relation, key, primary key, alternate key, candidate key; Relational algebra: Selection, Projection, Union and Cartesian product;

Structured Query Language: General Concepts: Advantages of using SQL, Data Definition Language and Data Manipulation Language; Data types: NUMBER/DECIMAL, CHARACTER/VARCHAR/VARCHAR2, DATE;

SQL Commands and Functions: CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, ALTER TABLE, UPDATE...SET..., INSERT, DELETE; SELECT, DISTINCT, FROM, WHERE, IN, BETWEEN, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY; SQL functions: SUM(), AVG(), COUNT(), MAX() and MIN(), Obtaining results (SELECT) query from 2 tables using equi-join

Evolution of Boolean Algebra, Constants and Operators: Evolution of Boolean algebra, Binary-valued Quantities, Boolean Variable, Boolean Constant and Boolean Operators: AND, OR, NOT; Truth Tables; Closure Property

Laws of Boolean Algebra: Commutative Law, Associative Law, Identity law, Inverse law, Principle of Duality, Idempotent Law, Distributive Law, Absorption Law, Involution law, DeMorgan’s Law and their applications;

Boolean Expressions and Basic Logic Gates: Obtaining Sum of Product (SOP) and Product of Sum (POS) form from the Truth Table, Reducing Boolean Expression (SOP and POS) to its minimal form, Use of Karnaugh Map for minimization of Boolean expressions (up to 4 variables); Basic Logic Gates (NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR) and their use in circuits, Use of Boolean operators (NOT, AND, OR) in SQL SELECT statements, Use of Boolean operators (AND,OR) in search engine queries;

Microeconomics: Utility Analysis, Demand & Supply Analysis, Market Equilibrium, Theory of Cost and Revenue, Various type of Market structures- Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly

Macroeconomics: Concepts of National Income, Structure and System of Economy, Keynesian Concepts and Principles of Economics, Monetary and Fiscal policies, Types of Business Cycle, Basics of Money and Banking

Indian Economy: Recent developments and trends in GDP, Vital rates like CRR, Bank rate etc., Fiscal deficit, Primary deficit and other types of deficits, Inflation

Geography as a Discipline

Geography as an integrating discipline, as a science of spatial attributes, Branches of Geography; Physical Geography and Human Geography

The Earth

Origin and evolution of the earth; Interior of the earth, Wegener’s continental drift theory and plate tectonics, Earthquakes and volcanoes: causes, types and effects.

Landforms

Rocks: major types of rocks and their characteristics, Landforms and their evolution, Geomorphic processes: weathering, mass wasting, erosion and deposition; soil-formation.

Climate

Insolation-angle of incidence and distribution; heat budget of the earth-heating and cooling of atmosphere (conduction, convection, terrestrial radiation and advection); temperature- factors controlling temperature; distribution of temperature-horizontal and vertical; inversion of temperature.

Pressure-pressure belts; winds-planetary, seasonal and local; air masses and fronts; tropical and extratropical cyclones.

Precipitation-evaporation; condensation-dew, frost, fog, mist and cloud; rainfall-types and world distribution.

World climates-classification (Koeppen and Thornthwaite), Global warming and climatic changes.

Climate and Global Concerns.

Hydrosphere

Basics of Oceanography, Oceans - distribution of temperature and salinity, Movements of ocean water-waves, tides and currents; submarine reliefs, Ocean resources and pollution.

Hazards and Disasters: Causes, Consequences and Management

Floods, Cloudbursts, Droughts: types and impact, Earthquakes and Tsunami, Cyclones: features and impact, Landslides

Introduction to India

Location, space relations, India’s place in the world.

Physiography of India

Structure and Relief; Physiographic Divisions, Drainage systems: Concept of river basins, Watershed; the Himalayan and the Peninsular rivers.

Climate of India

Weather and climate - spatial and temporal distribution of temperature, pressure winds and rainfall, Indian monsoon: mechanism, onset and withdrawal, variability of rainfalls: spatial and temporal; use of weather charts; Climatic types (Koeppen).

Vegetation of India

Natural vegetation-forest types and distribution; wild life; conservation; biosphere reserves.

Soils of India

Soils - major types (ICAR’s classification) and their distribution, soil degradation and conservation.

People of India

Population-distribution, density and growth, Population change-spatial patterns and structure; determinants of population change; Age-sex ratio; rural-urban composition; 

Human settlements

Settlement types - rural and urban; morphology of cities (case study); distribution of mega cities; problems of human settlements in developing countries. Rural settlements - types and distribution, Urban settlements - types, distribution and functional classification

Land and agricultural Resources of India

Land resources - general land use; agricultural land use, Geographical conditions and distribution of major crops (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane and Rubber), agricultural development and problems.

Water resources - availability and utilization-irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methods -rain water harvesting and watershed management.

Mineral and energy resources of India

Mineral and energy resources - distribution of metallic (Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Manganese); non-metallic (Mica, Salt) minerals; conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas and Hydroelectricity) and non-conventional energy sources (solar, wind, biogas) and conservation.

Industries of India

Industries - types, factors of industrial location; distribution and changing pattern of selected industries-iron and steel, cotton textiles, sugar, petrochemicals, and knowledge based industries; impact of liberalization, privatization and globalization on industrial location; industrial clusters.

Planning in India

Planning in India - target group area planning (case study); idea of sustainable development (case study).

Transport, Communication in India

Transport and communication-roads, railways, waterways and airways: oil and gas pipelines; Geographical information and communication networks.

International Trade of India

International trade - changing pattern of India’s foreign trade; sea ports and their hinterland and airports.

Early Societies, Empires, Changing Traditions, Towards Modernisation, Bricks, Beads and Bones, The Harappan Civilisation, Kings, Farmers and Towns, Early States and Economies (c.600 BCE-600 CE), Kinship, Caste and Class- Early Societies (600 BCE-600 CE); Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings Cultural Developments (600 BCE- 600CE); Through The Eyes Of Travellers: Perceptions of Society (tenth to seventeenth centuries); Bhakti - Sufi Traditions: Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts (eighth to eighteenth centuries); An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara (fourteenth to sixteenth centuries); Peasants, Zamindars and The State: Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire (sixteenth-seventeenth centuries); Kings and Chronicles: The Mughal Courts (c. sixteenth-seventeenth centuries); Colonialism and The Countryside: Exploring Official Archives; Rebels and The Raj, 1857 Revolt and its Representations; Mahatma Gandhi and The Nationalist Movement: Civil Disobedience and Beyond; Understanding Partition: Politics, Memories, Experiences; Framing the Constitution: The Beginning of a New Era; New India: Nation Building, World War; Cold war; USSR disintegration; UNO

PART-I

Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education:

• Meaning & definition of Physical Education
• Aims & Objectives of Physical Education
• Career Options in Physical Education
• Competitions in various sports at national and international level
• Khelo-India Program

Olympic Value Education:

• Olympics, Paralympics and Special Olympics
• Olympic Symbols, Ideals, Objectives & Values of Olympism
• International Olympic Committee
• Indian Olympic Association

Physical Fitness, Wellness & Lifestyle:

• Meaning & Importance of Physical Fitness, Wellness & Lifestyle
• Components of physical fitness and Wellness
• Components of Health related fitness

Physical Education & Sports for CWSN (Children with Special Needs- Divyang):

• Aims & objectives of Adaptive Physical Education
• Organization promoting Adaptive Sports (Special Olympics Bharat; Paralympics; Deaflympics)
• Concept of Inclusion, its need and Implementation
• Role of various professionals for children with special needs (Counselor, Occupational Therapist, Physiotherapist, Physical Education Teacher, Speech Therapist & special Educator)

Physical Education & Sports for CWSN (Children with Special Needs – Divyang:

• Concept of Disability & Disorder
• Types of Disability, its causes & nature (cognitive disability, intellectual disability, physical disability)
• Types of Disorder, its cause & nature (ADHD, SPD, ASD, ODD, OCD)
• Disability Etiquettes
• Advantage of Physical Activities for children with special needs
• Strategies to make Physical Activities assessable for children with special need

Yoga:

• Meaning & Importance of Yoga
• Elements of Yoga
• Introduction - Asanas, Pranayam, Meditation & Yogic Kriyas
• Yoga for concentration & related Asanas (Sukhasana; Tadasana; Padmasana & Shashankasana, Naukasana, Vrikshasana (Tree pose), Garudasana (Eagle pose)
• Relaxation Techniques for improving concentration - Yog-nidra

Yoga & Lifestyle:

• Asanas as preventive measures
• Obesity: Procedure, Benefits & contraindications for Vajrasana, Hastasana, Trikonasana, Ardh Matsyendrasana
• Diabetes: Procedure, Benefits & contraindications for Bhujangasana, Paschimottasana, Pavan Muktasana, Ardh Matsyendrasana.
• Asthema: Procedure, Benefits & contraindications for Sukhasana, Chakrasana, Gomukhasana, Parvatasana, Bhujangasana, Paschimottasana, Matsyasana
• Hypertension: Tadasana, Vajrasana, Pavan Muktasana, Ardha Chakrasana, Bhujangasana, Sharasana
• Back Pain: Tadasana, Ardh Matsyendrasana, Vakrasana, Shalabhasana, Bhujangasana.

Physical Activity & Leadership Training:

• Leadership Qualities & Role of a Leader
• Creating leaders through Physical Education
• Meaning, objectives & types of Adventure Sports (Rock Climbing, Tracking, River Rafting, Mountaineering, Surfing and Para Gliding)
• Safety measures to prevent sports injuries

Test, Measurement & Evaluation:

• Define Test, Measurement & Evaluation
• Importance of Test, Measurement & Evaluation In Sports
• Calculation of BMI & Waist - Hip Ratio
• Somato Types (Endomorphy, Mesomorphy & Ectomorphy)
• Measurement of health related fitness

Test & Measurement in Sports:

Motor Fitness Test - 50 M Standing Start, 600 M Run/Walk, Sit & Reach, Partial Curl Up, Push Ups (Boys), Modified Push Ups (Girls), Standing Broad Jump, Agility - 4x10 M Shuttle Run

General Motor Fitness - Barrow three item general motor ability (Standing Broad Jump, Zig Zag Run, Medicine Ball Put - For Boys: 03 Kg & For Girls: 01 Kg)

Measurement of Cardio Vascular Fitness - Harvard Step Test/Rockport Test -

Computation of Fitness Index: [(Duration of the Exercise in Seconds x 100) / (5.5 x Pulse count of 1-1.5 Min after Exercise)]

Rikli & Jones - Senior Citizen Fitness Test:

• Chair Stand Test for lower body strength
• Arm Curl Test for upper body strength
• Chair Sit & Reach Test for lower body flexibility
• Back Scratch Test for upper body flexibility
• Eight Foot Up & Go Test for agility
• Six Minute Walk Test for Aerobic Endurance

Fundamentals of Anatomy, Physiology & Kinesiology in Sports

• Definition and Importance of Anatomy, Physiology & Kinesiology
• Function of Skeleton System, Classification of Bones & Types of Joints
• Properties and Functions of Muscles
• Function & Structure of Respiratory System and Circulatory System
• Equilibrium - Dynamic & Static and Centre of Gravity and its application in sports

Psychology & Sports:

• Definition & Importance of Psychology in Phy. Edu. & Sports
• Define & Differentiate Between Growth & Development
• Developmental Characteristics at Different Stages of Development
• Adolescent Problems & Their Management

Psychology & Sports:

• Personality; its definition & types - Trait & Types (Sheldon & Jung Classification) & Big Five Theory
• Motivation, its type & techniques
• Exercise Adherence; Reasons to Exercise, Benefits of Exercise
• Strategies for Enhancing Adherence to Exercise
• Meaning, Concept & Types of Aggressions in Sports

Training and Doping in Sports:

• Meaning & Concept of Sports Training
• Principles of Sports Training
• Warming up & limbering down
• Skill, Technique & Style
• Concept & classification of doping
• Prohibited Substances & their side effects
• Dealing with alcohol and substance abuse

PART-II

Planning in Sports:

• Meaning & Objectives Of Planning
• Various Committees & its Responsibilities (pre; during & post)
• Tournament - Knock-Out, League Or Round Robin & Combination
• Procedure To Draw Fixtures - Knock-Out (Bye & Seeding) & League (Staircase & Cyclic)
• Intramural & Extramural - Meaning, Objectives & Its Significance
• Specific Sports Programme (Sports Day, Health Run, Run For Fun, Run For Specific Cause & Run For Unity)

Sports & Nutrition:

• Balanced Diet & Nutrition: Macro & Micro Nutrients
• Nutritive & Non-Nutritive Components of Diet
• Eating For Weight Control - A Healthy Weight, the Pitfalls of Dieting, Food Intolerance & Food Myths

Children & Women in Sports:

• Motor development & factors affecting it
• Exercise Guidelines at different stages of growth & Development
• Common Postural Deformities - Knock Knee; Flat Foot; Round Shoulders; Lordosis, Kyphosis, Bow Legs and Scoliosis and their corrective measures
• Sports participation of women in India
• Special consideration (Menarch & Menstural Disfunction)
• Female Athletes Triad (Oestoperosis, Amenoria, Eating Disorders)

Physiology & Injuries in Sports:

• Physiological factor determining component of Physical Fitness
• Effect of exercise on Cardio Respiratory System
• Effect of exercise on Muscular System
• Physiological changes due to ageing
• Sports injuries: Classification (Soft Tissue Injuries: (Abrasion, Contusion, Laceration, Incision, Sprain & Strain) Bone & Joint Injuries: (Dislocation, Fractures: Stress Fracture, Green Stick, Communated, Transverse Oblique & Impacted) Causes, Prevention& treatment
• First Aid - Aims & Objectives

Biomechanics & Sports:

• Meaning and Importance of Biomechanics in Sports
• Types of movements (Flexion, Extension, Abduction & Adduction)
• Newton’s Law of Motion & its application in sports
• Friction & Sports

Training in Sports:

• Strength - Definition, types & methods of improving Strength - Isometric, Isotonic & Isokinetic
• Endurance - Definition, types & methods to develop Endurance - Continuous Training, Interval Training & Fartlek Training
• Speed - Definition, types & methods to develop Speed - Acceleration Run & Pace Run
• Flexibility - Definition, types & methods to improve flexibility
• Coordinative Abilities - Definition & types
• Circuit Training - Introduction & its importance

Define psychology and popular notions about the discipline of psychology, various schools of psychology, evolution of psychology, development of psychology in India, branches of psychology, themes of research and applications, psychology and other disciplines, health psychology

Biological bases of behaviour, life span development, sensation and attention, memory and forgetting, thinking and problem solving, motivation and theories of motivation, emotions, intelligence, personality and theories of personality

Psychological disorders, learning, interpersonal relationship, psychology of gender, heath psychology, statistics, counselling, psychotherapy, differential psychology, community psychology, human resource management, positive psychology and psychology of happiness, experimental psychology

Sociological Perspectives: Society and Sociology, Understanding Social institutions, Culture and Socialisation process

Research method in sociology: Ethnography, Archival Methods, Oral History, Interviews/ Case Studies, Content analysis, Survey Research, Statistical Methods, Social Experiments, PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal), Visual ethnography

Sociology in India: Caste-Structure and Change, Aspects of Rural Social Structure, Family, Kinship and Marriage, Religion in India

Sociology of development: Perspective of Development, State and market: Institutions and ideologies, The micro-politics of development

Industrial Sociology: Industrialisation, industrialism and post-industrial society, Employee organizations: Blue Collar, White Collar and Managers, Work organization and Alienation, Industrial Conflict and its Resolution

Sociology and Gender: Gender in Sociological Analysis, Reproduction, Sexuality and Ideology, Family, Work and Property, The Politics of Gender

Politics in India since Independence:

Nehru’s approach to nation-building; Legacy of partition: challenge of ’refugee’ resettlement, Five year plan- the Kashmir problem. Organization and reorganization of states; Political conflicts over language. National Emergency, liberalization of Indian economy.

Constitution of India:

Basic features of the Indian constitution, Preamble, Fundamental rights and its importance, Directive principles of state policy, Role of judiciary to protect fundamental rights. Role of Supreme Court and High court in judicial System. Supreme Court as the guardian of constitution.

The structure and functioning of Indian government:

Indian Parliament, Role of the President, Role of the Prime Minister, Union cabinet, Governor, Role of the Chief Minister, State legislative assembly, Judicial system in India.

Cold War Era, The End of Bipolarity and U.S hegemony in World affairs:

First world war-Second world war- Emergence of two power blocs after the Second World War. Arenas of the cold war. Challenges to Bipolarity: Non Aligned Movement, India and the cold war. Introduction of democratic politics and capitalism in post-communist regimes. India’s relations with Russia and other post-communist countries, Growth of unilateralism: Afghanistan, first Gulf War, response to 9/11 and attack on Iraq. Dominance and challenge to the US in economy and ideology. India’s renegotiation of its relationship with the USA, Act east policy and Look east policy.

International and regional Organizations:

Restructuring and the future of the UN, India’s position in the restructured UN. Rise of new international actors: new international economic organizations, NGOs. SAARC, BRICS, ASEAN.

Globalization:

Economic, cultural and political manifestations. Debates on the nature of consequences of globalization. Anti-globalization movements. India as an arena of globalization and struggle against it.

UNIT 1: Some Basic concepts in Chemistry

Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory; Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units, dimensional analysis; Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae; Chemical equations and stoichiometry.

UNIT 2: Atomic Structure

Discovery of sub-atomic particles (electron, proton and neutron); Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr’s model; Dual nature of matter, de-Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features, concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions; Variation of Ψ and Ψ2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; Rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

UNIT 3: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent bonds.
Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy.
Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - Its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals; Resonance.
Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy.

Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.

UNIT 4: Chemical Thermodynamics

Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes.
First law of thermodynamics: Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution.
Second law of thermodynamics: Spontaneity of processes; ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system as criteria for spontaneity, ΔGo (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.

UNIT 5: Solutions

Different methods for expressing concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s Law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions - relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance.

UNIT 6: Equilibrium

Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid -liquid, liquid - gas and solid - gas equilibria, Henry’s law, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.
Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of ΔG and ΔGo in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle.
Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid - base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.

UNIT 7: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry - I

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.

Eectrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.

UNIT 8: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry - II

Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement; Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change; Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells; Corrosion and its prevention.

UNIT 9: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half - lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions - Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

UNIT 10: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements, atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity.

UNIT 11: p - Block Elements

Group 13 to Group 18 Elements
General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group.
Group wise study of the p – block elements
Group - 13
Preparation, properties and uses of Boron and Aluminium; Structure, properties and uses of Borax, Boric acid, Diborane, Boron tri-fluoride, Aluminium chloride and alums.
Group - 14
Tendency for catenation; Structure, properties and uses of allotropes and oxides of Carbon, Silicon tetrachloride, Silicates, Zeolites and Silicones.
Group - 15
Properties and uses of Nitrogen and Phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of Phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure and uses of Ammonia, Nitric acid, Phosphine and Phosphorus halides, (PCl3, PCl5); Structures of oxides and oxoacids of Nitrogen and Phosphorus.

UNIT 12: p - Block Elements

Group - 16
Preparation, properties, structures and uses of dioxygen and ozone; Allotropic forms of Sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures and uses of Sulphur dioxide, Sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); Structures of oxoacids of Sulphur.
Group - 17
Preparation, properties and uses of hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.
Group - 18
Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.

UNIT 13: d – and f – Block Elements

Transition Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Inner Transition Elements

Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction.
Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

UNIT 14: Co-ordination Compounds

Introduction to co-ordination compounds, Werner’s theory; ligands, co-ordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).

UNIT 15: Purification and Characterization of Organic Compounds

Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography - principles and their applications.
Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, Sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Halogens, Sulphur, Phosphorus.
Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.

UNIT 16: Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry - I

Tetravalency of Carbon; Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p); Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: - C = C - , - C ≡ C - and those containing Halogens, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphur; Homologous series; Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.

UNIT 17: Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry - II

Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation.
Common types of organic reactions - Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.

UNIT 18: Hydrocarbons - I

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.
Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); Mechanism of halogenation of Alkanes.
Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis, oxidation, and polymerization.

UNIT 19: Hydrocarbons - II

Alkynes - Acidic character; Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; Polymerization.
Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity; Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Friedel - Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene.

UNIT 20: Organic Compounds Containing Halogens

General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions.
Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT.

UNIT 21: Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen - I

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary Alcohols; mechanism of dehydration.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer - Tiemann reaction.
Ethers: Structure.

UNIT 22: Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen - II

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
Aldehyde and Ketones
Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of - Hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction; Chemical tests to distinguish between Aldehydes and Ketones.
Carboxylic Acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

UNIT 23: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character.
Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT 24: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY

Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds.

• The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:
  Inorganic compounds; Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
  Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
• The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, bases, and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4.
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+ , NH4+ Anions- CO32−, S2- ,SO42−, NO3- , NO2- , Cl- , Br- , I- ( Insoluble salts excluded).
• Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
  1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4.
• Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
• Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
• Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.

UNIT 25: Bio Molecules

General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
Carbohydrates - Classification: aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), constituent monosaccharides of oligosacchorides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen).
Proteins - Elementary Idea of amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
Vitamins - Classification and functions.
Nucleic Acids - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids.

UNIT 1: PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT

Physics, technology and society, SI units, Fundamental and derived units. Least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, Errors in measurement, Dimensions of Physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.

UNIT 2: LAWS OF MOTION

Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force and its applications.
Force and Inertia, Newton’s First Law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion; Impulse; Newton’s Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications; equilibrium of concurrent forces.

UNIT 3: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work energy theorem, power.
Potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle: Elastic & inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

UNIT 4: ROTATIONAL MOTION

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, Centre of mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications;
Moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications. Rigid body rotation, equations of rotational motion. Comparison of linear and rotational motions.

UNIT 5: KINEMATICS

Frame of reference. Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and non- uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity- time, position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion.
Scalars and Vectors, Vector addition and Subtraction, Zero Vector, Scalar and Vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.

UNIT 6: GRAVITATION

The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity. Orbital velocity of a satellite.

UNIT 7: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase; Oscillations of a spring - restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M. : kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period;
Resonance; Wave motion; Longitudinal and transverse waves,speed of a wave; Displacement relation for a progressive wave; Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves. Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats

UNIT 8: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS - I

Elastic behaviour, Stress- strain relationship, Hooke’s Law, Young’s modulus, Bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications. Effect of gravity on fluid pressure.
Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow. Critical Velocity. Bernoulli’s principle and its applications.

UNIT 9: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS - II

Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer conduction, convection and radiation.

UNIT 10: THERMODYNAMICS

Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature. Heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.

UNIT 11: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas. Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature: rms speed of gas molecules; Degrees of freedom, Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path, Avogadro’s number.

UNIT 12: ELECTROSTATICS - I

Electric charges: Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines, Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole, Torque on a dipole in uniform electric field.
Electric flux, Gauss’s law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.

UNIT 13: ELECTROSTATICS - II

Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, Energy stored in a capacitor.

UNIT 14: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Electric current, Drift velocity, mobility, and their relation with electric current. Ohm’s law, Electrical resistance, Resistances of different materials, V-I characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors, Electrical energy and power, Electrical resistivity ;Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance.
Electric Cell and its internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge, Metre bridge.

UNIT 15: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors- definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment.

UNIT 16: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field. Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances with examples, the effect of temperature on magnetic properties.

UNIT 17: ATOMS AND NUCLEI

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses.
Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.

UNIT 18: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation; particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation.

UNIT 19: OPTICS - I

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, thin lens formula, and lens maker formula. Total internal reflection and its applications. Magnification. Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction of light through a prism. Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers.

UNIT 20: OPTICS - II

Wave Optics: wavefront and Huygens’ principle, Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle. Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes, Polarization, plane polarized light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids.

UNIT 21: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

Electromagnetic induction: Faraday❜s law. Induced emf and current: Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage: reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: power in AC circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer.

UNIT 22: ELECTRONIC DEVICES - I

Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator.

UNIT 23: ELECTRONIC DEVICES - II

Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)

UNIT 24: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Displacement current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays), Applications of e.m. waves.

UNIT 25: EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS

Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:

• Vernier calipers -its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.
• Screw gauge-its use to determine the thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.
• Simple Pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time.
• Metre Scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments.
• Young❜s modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
• Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents,
• Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring the terminal velocity of a given spherical body,
• Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube,
• Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
• The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge.
• The resistance of a given wire using Ohm❜s law.
• Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
• The focal length of; (i) Convex mirror (ii) Concave mirror, and (ii) Convex lens, using the parallax method.
• The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
• The refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
• Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
• Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse breakdown voltage.
• Identification of Diode. LED, Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.

UNIT 1

Sets: Sets and their representation; Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; Power set.
Relations: Relation, Types of relations, equivalence relations.

UNIT 2

Function, limit and Continuity: One-one, into and onto functions, composition of functions; Real valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions.Limits, continuity and differentiability.

UNIT 3

Complex numbers: Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number.

UNIT 4

Quadratic equations: Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions. Relation between roots and coefficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots.

UNIT 5

Sequences and series: Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers. Relation between A.M. and G.M.

UNIT 6

Matrices: Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices, matrices of order two and three; Adjoint; transpose; symmetric and skew symmetric matrices.

UNIT 7

Determinants: Properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using determinants.Evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations,Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants

UNIT 8

Vector algebra: p, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product.

UNIT 9

Permutations: Fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement. Meaning of P(n, r) , simple applications.

UNIT 10

Combinations: Combination as selection,Meaning ofC(n, r) , simple applications.

UNIT 11

Binomial theorem and its simple applications: Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term.

UNIT 12

Derivatives: Differentiation of sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions;Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order upto two.

UNIT 13

Application of Derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable.

UNIT 14

Integral calculus (Part1): Integral as an anti derivative. Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric,exponential and logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions.Integration using trigonometric identities.

UNIT 15

Integral calculus (Part2): Evaluation of simple integrals of followingtype:

UNIT 16

Definite Integrals: Properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form

UNIT 17

Differential Equations: Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree. Formation of differential equations. Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables, solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations of the type:

UNIT 18

Coordinate geometry: Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula, section formula, locus and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes.

UNIT 19

Straight lines: Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a line, coordinates of centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle.

UNIT 20

Circles: Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin.

UNIT 21

Conic sections: Sections of cones, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent and point (s) oftangency.

UNIT 22

Three Dimensional Geometry (Part1): Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points, section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation. Equations of a line in different forms.

UNIT 23

Statistics and probability: Measures of Dispersion: Calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.
Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random variate.

UNIT 24

Trigonometry: Trigonometrical Identities and equations, Trigonometrical functions;

UNIT 25

Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Definition, domain, range, elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions, Heights and distances

Grammar: Parts of speech – Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Adverb, Verb, Preposition, Conjunction Interjection; Tenses – Present, Past and Future Tense in Active and Passive Form; Modal Verbs – Can, Could, May, might, Should, Will, would, punctuation, independent and dependent clauses, sentence and its types, determiners

Associative Language Skills: Vocabulary – Antonyms, Synonyms, Homonyms, Homographs, one-word substitution, Word Analogies, Idioms and Phrases.

Common Errors: Sentence Correction and Error Finding Exercises.

Comprehension Passages: Closed and Open paragraphs, identifying key ideas or theme.

• Constitutional framework: Features and Significance of Indian Constitution, Preamble, Citizen and State: Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, Directive Principles of State Policy and Rule of Law
• Organisational Structure and Functioning of Government at the Central Level: Role and Powers of the President, Prime Minister and Council of Ministers, Prime Minister’s Office, Union Cabinet, Structure and Functions of Central Secretariat and Cabinet Secretariat, Judicial Administration.
• Organisational Structure and Functioning of Government at the State level: Role and Powers of the Governor, Chief Minister and Council of Ministers, Structure and Functions of State Secretariat, Role of the Chief Secretary.
• District Administration in India: Organisation of District Administration, Role and Functions of District Collector in Development, District Rural Development Agency.
• Local Government in India: Features of Local Government in India, 73rd & 74th Constitutional Amendments, Structure of Panchayati Raj in India, Structure of Urban Local Government in India, Challenges before Local Government in India, Urbanisation: Challenges and Remedies.
• Emerging Issues in Public Administration: Human Rights: Concept, Significance and Challenges
• Transparency in Administration: Right to Information Act
• Institutional arrangements against Corruption: CVC, Ombudsman Lokpal and Lokayukta
• Impact of Globalisation on Administration
• People’s Participation in Administration

Indian History, Indian Politics, Indian Economy, Financial and Economic News, Budget and National Plans, Who is Who, Sports Events, Books and Authors, Awards & Honours, Science Invention and Discoveries, Abbreviations, Important Days and Weeks, International and National Organizations, Current National and International Affairs.

Numbers, Percentage, Profit, Loss & Discount, Ratio & Proportion, Simple & Compound Interest, Permutation& Combination & Probability, Time & Distance, Boats & streams, Races & Games, Time & Work, Pipes & Cistern, Calendar & Clocks, Area, Series completion & Coding – Decoding & Alphabet test, Direction sense test & Blood relations &arrangements, Syllogism, Number, Ranking & Time sequence test, Arithmetical reasoning, Inserting the missing character, Data sufficiency, Cubes and dice, Non-verbal reasoning.